organisms makes up a “soil food web” densely packed in the upper layers of the soil (see Figure above). These organisms can be divided into different levels of producers and consumers that interact and convert energy and nutrients between themselves, as well as in association with plants’ roots. Although much about soil ecosystems is still unknown, what we do know is that soil organisms modify the soil environment, affecting its physical, chemical and biological properties and processes. It is the soil organisms that interact with minerals and organic matter, helping to create soil structure and therefore affecting water infiltration, drainage and holding capacity. For example, earthworms create tunnels and burrows throughout the soil. Activities in the soil determine plants’ access to nutrients through decomposition of rocks, organic matter, animals and micro-organisms. Roots absorb these minerals if they are readily available in soil solution